While most nations maintain armed forces to protect their sovereignty, a small number of countries have chosen a different path. These states operate without a standing military, relying instead on police forces, coast guards, volunteer security units, or defense agreements with allied nations to ensure their safety and security.
1. Costa Rica
Costa Rica abolished its military in 1948 after a civil war and later enshrined the decision in its constitution. Since then, the country has focused on diplomacy, education, and development. National police and specialized public security forces manage internal security.
2. Panama
Panama dissolved its military in 1990 following the U.S.-led operation that removed former ruler Manuel Noriega. Today, the country’s security is maintained through police agencies, border protection units, and maritime services.
3. Iceland
Although Iceland is a founding member of NATO, it does not maintain an army, navy, or air force. Its defense needs are supported through NATO partnerships, while the Icelandic Coast Guard oversees maritime security, surveillance, and search-and-rescue operations.
4. Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein abolished its army in 1868, largely due to the expense of maintaining a military force. The country relies on its national police service for internal security, while neighbouring Switzerland plays an important role in protecting its interests.
5. Monaco
Monaco has no conventional military forces. Instead, it maintains ceremonial and internal security units, including the Prince’s Carabiniers. Under long-standing agreements, France is responsible for the principality’s external defense.
6. Andorra
Located between France and Spain, Andorra operates without a standing army. A small police force handles domestic security, while defense matters are covered through arrangements with its neighbouring countries.
7. San Marino
One of the world’s oldest republics, San Marino relies on volunteer and ceremonial corps rather than a full military establishment. Through bilateral agreements, Italy is responsible for the country’s defense.
8. Vatican City
The world’s smallest sovereign state does not maintain an army, navy, or air force. Security within the Vatican is provided by the Swiss Guard and the Vatican Gendarmerie, while Italy assists with external protection and defense.
9. Nauru
Nauru, a small island nation in the Pacific Ocean, has no armed forces. Law enforcement duties are carried out by the Nauru Police Force, while Australia provides defense assistance under regional security arrangements.
10. Tuvalu
Tuvalu also operates without a military. Domestic policing and maritime surveillance are handled locally, while Australia and other regional partners provide defense support when needed.
These countries demonstrate that national security can be maintained through alternative arrangements, including international partnerships, diplomacy, law enforcement agencies, and regional defense agreements, rather than through traditional standing armed forces.
